❓ What does it mean to “consider your audience?”
Simply: You do the work so they don’t have to.
…also the aesthetic-usability effect exists.
General Audience
✔ background
🚫 limit technical details
🎉 emphasize take-home
Technical Audience
⬇ limit background
💻 all-the-details
🎉 emphasize take-home
On presentations: Balance b/w short and informative (goal: concise)
Avoid: “Analyzing NHANES”
Better: “Data from the NHANES study shows that diet is related to overall health”
On visualizations: emphasize the take-home! (what’s learned or what action to take)
Avoid: “Boxplot of gender”
Better: “Twice as many females as males included for analysis”
Avoid: “Tickets vs. Time”
Better: “Staff unable to respond to incoming tickets; need to hire 2 FTEs”
Brainstorm: Advice You’ve Been Given?
| Advice you've received |
|---|
| Speak loudly and clearly enough for everyone to hear (project your voice!); be engaging so that people are inclined to pay attention |
| Make eye contact with your audience as you speak |
| Don't just read off slides, and (most of the time) don't read from a script |
| loud and clear voice |
| Posture, eye contact, and mannerisms can all influence oral presentation performance. While presenting don't stand in one spot, get up, move around and engage with the audience. |
| try harder to better word choice |
| Look at the audience when I am talking to them. Speak loud and clear. |
| Eye contact!!! |
| eye contact, try not to use filler words, talk slower than you would normally, don't just read off of the slides |
| dont overcomplicate the wording, what might make sense to you might be revolutionary to someone else. Using simple words for simple explainations for begginer simple thought processes |
| drink water constantly |
| making enough eye contact |
To accomplish:
don’t read directly off slides
repetition is ok: tell what you’re going to tell them, tell them, tell them what you told them
use animation to build your story (not to distract)
introduce your axes
text/labels larger
watch your speech speed
practice!
Little Red Riding HoodBrainstorm: Advice You’ve Been Given?
| Advice you've received |
|---|
| Your rough draft should be rough. Don't polish it because it will flush all your great ideas away. |
| Include data/metrics that highlight quantifiable impact of work. |
| be concise when writing |
| shorter sentences = good |
| State your main point clearly; use good grammar |
| don't use crazy fonts and coloring. If things need to be emphasized stick to italics bold and font size generally speaking. |
| Display contents of slides in a left to right fashion. |
| Use clear fonts. |
| as concise as possible |
| If it's a presentation, less wording is often better. Use oral communication to fill in gaps between the main points |
| Read what you write in between every iteration. Try to avoid repeating words - show some variety. Use punctuation well. Split up paragraphs; monolithic walls of text are intimidating and readers will skip them. It's cliche, but for a reason - the topic, argument, evidence structure is effective. |
| Explicitly write out the opposing arguments/concerns in your paper and answer them as best you can. That way the paper feels more like a conversation with the author than just something to read. |
| Make sentences flow well. Include a conclusion to summarize |
| stay on topic, summarize main points at end, |
| Repeat the point you want the readers to remember |
Your audience has time to process…but the explanation has to be there!
Visually: more on a single visualization
Yes, often there are different visualizations for reports/papers than for presentations/lectures.
❓ What makes this an effective visualization for a written communication?”
Source: Storytelling wtih data by cole nussbaumer knaflic
---
title: "Document Title"
output:
html_document:
toc: true
toc_float: true
------
title: "Document Title"
output:
html_document:
theme: united
highlight: tango
------
title: "Document Title"
output:
html_document:
fig_width: 7
fig_height: 6
fig_caption: true
------
title: "Document Title"
output:
html_document:
code_folding: hide
---
{r, chunk-label, results='hide', fig.height=4}
eval: whether to execute the code chunkecho: whether to include the code in the outputwarning, message, and error: whether to show warnings, messages, or errors in the knit documentfig.width and fig.height: control the width/height of plotsknitr::opts_chunk$set(fig.width = 8, collapse = TRUE)When are citations needed?
“We will be doing our analysis using two different data sets created by two different groups: Donohue and Mustard + Lott, or simply Lott”
“What turned from the idea of carrying firearms to protect oneself from enemies such as the British monarchy and the unknown frontier of North America has now become a nationwide issue.”
“Right to Carry Laws refer to laws that specify how citizens are allowed to carry concealed handguns when they’re away from home without a permit”
“In this case study, we are examining the relationship between unemployment rate, poverty rate, police staffing, and violent crime rate.”
“In the United States, the second amendment permits the right to bear arms, and this law has not been changed since its creation in 1791.”
“The Right to Carry Laws (RTC) is defined as “a law that specifies if and how citizens are allowed to have a firearm on their person or nearby in public.””
Reminder: You do NOT get docked points for citing others’ work. You can be at risk of AI Violation if you don’t. When in doubt, give credit.
How to specify a footnote in text:
Here is some body text.[^1]How to include the footnote’s reference:
[^1]: This footnote will appear at the bottom of the page.Note: .bib files can be included with BibTeX references using the bibliography parameter in your YAML
Brainstorm: Advice You’ve Been Given?
| Advice you've received |
|---|
| Try to make the title of the plot something descriptive rather than simply, eg, "Time vs Length" or "linear regression of pet sizes"." |
| show the kind of plot that can be understood by audience |
| I heard that when making a visual graphic, you should try remove as much as you can while still showing the necessary information. The less on the screen, the better. |
| When giving a presentation, try to keep bullet points shorter than 7 words so it's easier digest/remember |
| When displaying data and visualizations. Take note of people with eye color visualization disabilities. Also present things based on intuitive knowledge. Like reading left to right |
| highlighting only the important bits with color usage |
| (picture / plot / visualization) > words |
| Use appropriate colors and use them to highlight findings. |
| Make plots big and clear |
| Sometimes simple is better, try to stay away from distracting visualizations |
| Use appropriate (non-misleading) scales |
| Colors choices are important, and also remember about color blind people |
| label axis, always include a title, use ticks if they help understand the data, think about color choices, big text |
| Include visuals only if they are meaningful and/or strengthen your argument |
These ideas and slides are all modified from Will Chase’s rstudio::conf2020 slides/talk
😬 Accurate
ggplot(penguins, aes(x = species, fill = species)) +
geom_bar() +
labs(title = "Adelie Penguins are the most common in Antarctica",
subtitle = "Frequency of each penguin species studied near Palmer Station, Antarctica") +
theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, vjust = 0.5, hjust = 1))
😍 Effective
ggplot(penguins, aes(x = species, fill = species)) +
geom_bar() +
labs(title = "Adelie Penguins are the most common in Antarctica",
subtitle = "Frequency of each penguin species studied near Palmer Station, Antarctica") +
theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, vjust = 0.5, hjust = 1),
plot.title.position = "plot")
😬 Accurate
ggplot(penguins, aes(x = species, fill = species)) +
geom_bar() +
labs(title = "Adelie Penguins are the most common in Antarctica",
subtitle = "Frequency of each penguin species studied near Palmer Station, Antarctica") +
theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, vjust = 0.5, hjust = 1),
plot.title.position = "plot")
😍 Effective
ggplot(penguins, aes(y = species, fill = species)) +
geom_bar() +
labs(title = "Adelie Penguins are the most common in Antarctica",
subtitle = "Frequency of each penguin species studied near Palmer Station, Antarctica") +
theme(plot.title.position = "plot")
😬 Accurate
ggplot(penguins, aes(y = species, fill = species)) +
geom_bar() +
labs(title = "Adelie Penguins are the most common in Antarctica",
subtitle = "Frequency of each penguin species studied near Palmer Station, Antarctica") +
theme_bw() +
theme(plot.title.position = "plot") 
😍 Effective
ggplot(penguins, aes(y = species, fill = species)) +
geom_bar() +
labs(title = "Adelie Penguins are the most common in Antarctica",
subtitle = "Frequency of each penguin species studied near Palmer Station, Antarctica") +
theme_minimal() +
theme(plot.title.position = "plot") 
😬 Accurate
ggplot(penguins, aes(y = species, fill = species)) +
geom_bar() +
labs(title = "Adelie Penguins are the most common in Antarctica",
subtitle = "Frequency of each penguin species studied near Palmer Station, Antarctica") +
theme_minimal() +
theme(plot.title.position = "plot")
😍 Effective
ggplot(penguins, aes(y = fct_rev(fct_infreq(species)), fill = species)) +
geom_bar() +
geom_text(stat='count', aes(label=..count..), hjust = 1.5, color = "white", size = 6) +
scale_x_continuous(expand = c(0, 0)) +
scale_fill_manual(values = c("#454545", rep("#adadad", 2))) +
labs(title = "Adelie Penguins are the most common in Antarctica",
subtitle = "Frequency of each penguin species studied near Palmer Station, Antarctica") +
theme_minimal(base_size = 18) +
theme(axis.text.x = element_blank(),
plot.title.position = "plot",
panel.grid.major = element_blank(), panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
axis.title = element_blank()) 
😬 Accurate
ggplot(penguins, aes(y = fct_rev(fct_infreq(species)), fill = species)) +
geom_bar() +
geom_text(stat='count', aes(label=..count..), hjust = 1.5, color = "white", size = 6) +
scale_x_continuous(expand = c(0, 0)) +
scale_fill_manual(values = c("#454545", rep("#adadad", 2))) +
labs(title = "Adelie Penguins are the most common in Antarctica",
subtitle = "Frequency of each penguin species studied near Palmer Station, Antarctica") +
theme_minimal(base_size = 18) +
theme(axis.text.x = element_blank(),
plot.title.position = "plot",
panel.grid.major = element_blank(), panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
axis.title = element_blank())
😍 Effective
ggplot(penguins, aes(y = fct_rev(fct_infreq(species)), fill = species)) +
geom_bar() +
geom_text(stat='count', aes(label=..count..), hjust = 1.5, color = "white", size = 7) +
scale_x_continuous(expand = c(0, 0)) +
scale_fill_manual(values = c("#454545", rep("#adadad", 2))) +
labs(title = "Adelie Penguins are the most common in Antarctica",
subtitle = "Frequency of each penguin species studied near Palmer Station, Antarctica") +
theme_minimal(base_size = 20) +
theme(axis.text.x = element_blank(),
plot.title.position = "plot",
panel.grid.major = element_blank(), panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
axis.title = element_blank(),
legend.position = "none")